Articles

Choose a topic below:

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Diagnosis and Prevalence

• Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2021 Dec 3;70(11): 1-16. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.ss7011a1.
  This is the most updated CDC data on the number of children with diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder that is now noted to be 1 in 44 children. While significant progress has been made in closing the gap in the identification of ASD among 8-year-old children in certain racial and ethnic populations, the percent of Hispanic children identified with ASD was still lower in several communities when compared to White or Black children. 
  
  
• Progress and Disparities in Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 2002-2016. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021 Nov. Online ahead of print.
  ASD identification by age 48 months was 4x as likely in 2016 as in 2002, with the largest increases among children without ID.  Racial disparities stratified by ID: in 2016, Black and Hispanic children without ID were less likely to be identified with ASD than were White children but Black children were 1.5 times as likely as White children to be identified with ASD and ID.
  
  
• Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 Years — Early Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, Six Sites, United States, 2020. MMWR Surveillance Summaries. 2020;69(3):1-11. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6903a1. 
  This is the most current CDC data on the number of children with the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder that is now noted to be 1 in 54 children.
  
  
• Autism spectrum disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2020;6(1). doi:10.1038/s41572-020-0146-4. 
  An excellent chapter style presentation summary of the current state of autism spectrum disorder as a disease.  It discussed the epidemiology, mechanisms, as well as current diagnosis and treatment. 
  
  
• Volkmar F, Siegel M, Woodbury-Smith M. et al. Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014, Feb, 53(2)237-257.  
  The AACAP Practice Parameter series is a concise single reference including evidence-based recommendations for the assessment and treatment of individuals with autism spectrum disorder.
  
  
• Siegel M, Mcguire K, Veenstra-Vanderweele J, et al. Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2020;59(4):468-496. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.11.018.
  Recently published practice parameter that summarizes the current evidence-base for the assessment and treatment of individuals with Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder).
  
  
• Muhle R, Reed, HE, Vo, LC et al. Clinical Diagnostic Genetic Testing for Individuals with Developmental Disorders. JAACAP. 2017 Nov, 56(11):910-913. 
  A concise summary of the current recommendations for genetic testing in individuals with developmental disorders for child and adolescent psychiatrists. Includes an excellent visual guide for decision-making.

Psychiatric and Behavioral Co-occurring Disorders

• Hand BN, Angell AM, Harris L, Carpenter LA. Prevalence of physical and mental health conditions in Medicare-enrolled, autistic older adults. Autism. 2020 Apr;24(3):755-764. doi: 10.1177/1362361319890793. Epub 2019 Nov 27. PMID: 31773968; PMCID: PMC7433648
  This article examines the higher rates of nearly all physical health conditions including epilepsy, Parkinson's, and gastrointestinal conditions in adults with ASD. The article also explores the higher rates of mental health conditions among autistic older adults, including schizophrenia and psychotic disorders, attention deficit disorders, personality disorders, and suicidality or self-inflicted injury. 
  
  
• Hirvikoski T, Boman M, Chen Q, D'Onofrio BM, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Lichtenstein P, Bölte S, Larsson H. Individual risk and familial liability for suicide attempt and suicide in autism: a population-based study. Psychol Med. 2020 Jul;50(9):1463-1474. doi: 1
  National Swedish registry study specifically looking at risk of suicide behaviors, an understudied area in ASD. 
  
  
• Hollocks MJ, Lerh JW, Magiati I, Meiser-Stedman R, Brugha TS. Anxiety and depression in adults with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Psychol Med. 2019 Mar;49(4):559-572. doi: 10.1017/S0033291718002283. Epub 2018 Sep 4. PMID
  Systematic review and meta-analysis of rates of anxiety disorders and depression in adults with ASD. 
  
  
• Lecavalier L, McCracken CE, Aman MG, McDougle CJ, McCracken JT, Tierney E, Smith T, Johnson Lai MC, Kassee C, Besney R, Bonato S, Hull L, Mandy W, Szatmari P, Ameis SH. Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: a systematic review.
  Systematic review and meta-analyses of mental health diagnoses in ASD, including ADHD, anxiety disorders, sleep-wake disorders, depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. 
  
  
• Lecavalier L, McCracken CE, Aman MG, et al. An exploration of concomitant psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2019;88:57-64. 
  The authors studied rates of psychiatric disorders in six multisite medication and/or parent training studies for children seeking treatment for irritability or hyperactivity/inattention. 
  
  
• Mazza MG, Rossetti A, Crespi G, Clerici M. Prevalence of co-occurring psychiatric disorders in adults and adolescents with intellectual disability: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil. 2020 Mar;33(2):126-138. doi: 10.1111/j
  Systematic review and meta-analysis of psychiatric disorder prevalence in adults and adolescents with intellectual disability. 
  
  
• McGuire K, et al. Irritability and Problem Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Practice Pathway for Pediatric Primary Care. Pediatrics 2016; 137; S136.
  A very clear and concise article with excellent visual flowsheet for the evaluation of irritability as a chief complaint in an individual with autism spectrum disorder.  This article is excellent for psychiatrists as well as other medical professionals working with these individuals as well as trainees of all levels.
  
  
• Rosen T, Mazefsky C, Vasa R, Lerner M. Co-occurring psychiatric Conditions in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2018, 30(1)40-61.
  A paper that takes an overall look at the psychiatric co-occurring conditions in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and provides tips on how to evaluate for these conditions.

Racial Disparities in ASD

• Lu ZK. Racial/Ethnic Disparities in the Prevalence and Trends of Autism Spectrum Disorder in US Children and Adolescents. JAMA network open. 2021;4(3):e210771.
  This study utilized the data from the National Health Interview Survey to assess the most recent temporal trends and racial/ethnic disparities in ASD prevalence from 2014 through 2019.
  
  
• Racial and ethnic disparities in benefits eligibility and spending among adults on the autism spectrum: A cohort study using the Medicare Medicaid Linked Enrollees Analytic Data Source. PLoS One. 2021 May 25;16(5):e0251353. 
  This article examines disparities in access to care in adults with ASD. 
  
  
• Racial and Ethnic Differences in Behavioral Problems and Medication Use Among Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2020 Sep 1;125(5):369-388.
  This study identifies racial and ethnic differences in medication use for behavioral problems showing that White children are significantly more likely to receive psychotropic medication compared to children from racial and ethnic minority groups for behavioral problems.  
  
  
• Disparities in Service Use Among Children With Autism: A Systematic Review. Pediatrics. 2020 Apr;145(Suppl 1):S35-S46.
  Research reveals racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in autism diagnosis; there is limited information on potential disparities related to other dimensions of services. This study focused on racial and ethnic minority groups and children from low-income families have less access to acute care, specialized services, educational services, and community services compared with higher-income and white families.
  
  
• Volkmar F, Siegel M, Woodbury-Smith M. et al. Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014, Feb, 53(2)237-257. 
  The AACAP Practice Parameter series is a concise single reference including evidence-based recommendations for the assessment and treatment of individuals with autism spectrum disorder.
  
  
• Siegel M, Mcguire K, Veenstra-Vanderweele J, et al. Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2020;59(4):468-496. 
  Recently published practice parameter that summarizes the current evidence-base for the assessment and treatment of individuals with Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder).
  
  
• Muhle R, Reed, HE, Vo, LC et al. Clinical Diagnostic Genetic Testing for Individuals with Developmental Disorders. JAACAP. 2017 Nov, 56(11):910-913.
  A concise summary of the current recommendations for genetic testing in individuals with developmental disorders for child and adolescent psychiatrists. Includes an excellent visual guide for decision-making.

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Treatment

Therapy

• Keefer A, White SW, Vasa RA, Reaven J. Psychosocial interventions for internalizing disorders in youth and adults with ASD. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2018;30(1):62-77. doi:10.1080/09540261.2018.1432575.    
  A review summarizing psychosocial interventions in youth and adults, for internalizing disorders in ASD, of which CBT modified for ASD is the most frequently investigated. Other emerging interventions are discussed, as well as barriers to accessing them, and future research directions.
  
  
• Roane, H. S., Fisher, W. W., & Carr, J. E. (2016). Applied Behavior Analysis as Treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Pediatr, 175: 27-32.
  A summary of the use of ABA therapy in autism spectrum disorders. This is great for those who want a summary for teaching or quick review if new to treating those with autism.

Psychopharmacology

• Howes OD, Rogdaki M, Findon JL, et al. Autism spectrum disorder: Consensus guidelines on assessment, treatment and research from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 2018;32(1):3-29. 
  An expert review on medication treatment in patients with ASD, along with discussion of gaps in the current evidence base. 
  
  
• Ji Y, Findling R., Parmacotherapy for mental health problems in people with intellectual disability. Current opinion in psychiatry. 2016;29(2):103-125. 
  A review of the current evidence base for the use of medications in the treatment of co-occurring psychiatric disorders for individuals with intellectual disability.
  
  
• Mahajan R, Bernal MP, Panzer R, et al. Clinical Practice Pathways for Evaluation and Medication Choice for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Pediatrics. 2012;130 Suppl 2: S125-138.
  A helpful guide detailing the current evidence base for psychopharmacologic management of ADHD in individuals with ASD for psychiatrists and other physicians. 
  
  
• Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Trial of Methylphenidate in Pervasive Developmental Disorders With Hyperactivity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(11):1266-1274.
  The first study looking at the use of medication to treat ADHD in individuals with Autism. The findings still hold true in today’s treatment and provide insight into how ADHD in individuals with autism differs from others with ADHD.
  
  
• McCracken JT, McGough J, Shah B, et al. Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(5):314-321.
  The original randomized controlled multisite study of the use of Risperdal in individuals with autism to treat severe behavioral issues.
  
  
• Owen R, Sikich L, Marcus RN, et al. Aripiprazole in the Treatment of Irritability in Children and Adolescents With Autistic Disorder. Pediatrics. 2009;124(6):1533-1540.  
  The original randomized controlled multisite study of the use of aripiprazole in autism for irritability and severe behavioral issues.
  
  
• Malow BA, Findling RL, Schroder CM, et al. Sleep, Growth, and Puberty After 2 Years of Prolonged-Release Melatonin in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2021;60(2):252-261.e253.
  Results of a long-term study which followed a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial targeting insomnia in children with ASD.
  
  
• Sikich L, Kolevzon A, King BH, et al. Intranasal Oxytocin in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(16):1462-1473. 
  Results of a large, multi-site trial on intranasal oxytocin for children with ASD. While the results of the study did not show significant change, this article is an example of the scientific rigor required to evaluate potential treatment agents.
  
  
• Zhou MS, Nasir M, Farhat LC, Kook M, Artukoglu BB, Bloch MH. Meta-analysis: Pharmacologic Treatment of Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2021;60(1):35-45. 
  A look at the current evidence base on using psychopharmacology to target restrictive and repetitive behaviors seen in autism spectrum disorder.
  
  
• Jain, S, Andridge, R, Hellings, J. (2016). Loxapine for reversal of antipsychotic-induced metabolic disturbances: A chart review. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2016;46(4):1344-1353. 
  Discusses promising findings of loxapine add-on followed by gradual taper of offending antipsychotic(s) to reverse metabolic symptoms. 
  
  
• Handen BL, Anagnostou E, Aman MG, et al. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Metformin for the Treatment of Overweight Induced by Antipsychotic Medication in Young People With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Open-Label Extension. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2017;56(10).
  Patients with autism who are on antipsychotics but have weight gain with positive effects on behavior often leave family and physician questioning what do to. This study examines the use of metformin in this population to help with weight, findings suggest that metformin can mitigate against further weight gain but not remove that already gained.

Genetic Syndromes

• Ornoy A, Fudim LW-, Ergaz Z. Genetic Syndromes, Maternal Diseases and Antenatal Factors Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2016;10. doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00316.
  This article is useful when looking or a single article to touch on the common genetic syndromes associated with autism spectrum disorder and their features when considering testing, for review, or for learners.
  
  
• Lozano R, Azarang A, Wilaisakditipakorn T, Hagerman RJ. Fragile X syndrome: A review of clinical management. Intractable & Rare Diseases Research. 2016;5(3):145-157. doi:10.5582/irdr.2016.01048.
  Fragile X is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability worldwide and the leading monogenetic cause of ASD.   This paper is a review of the current state of science, clinical manifestation, and treatment for individuals with Fragile X Syndrome. 
  
  
• Tang KL, Antshel KM, Fremont WP, Kates WR. Behavioral and Psychiatric Phenotypes in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. 2015;36(8):639-650. doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000210.
  This single genetic disorder is known by several name including DiGeorge Syndrome, Velocardiofacial Syndrome, Shprintzen syndrome, and conotruncal anomaly facial syndrome and is one of the most characterized microdeletion syndromes. The article summaries current research and psychiatric co-occurring disorders in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
  
  
• Caraballo RH, Cejas N, Chamorro N, Kaltenmeier MC, Fortini S, Soprano AM. Landau–Kleffner syndrome: A study of 29 patients. Seizure. 2014;23(2):98-104. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2013.09.016.
  Landau-Kleffner is a seizure disorder which also results in intellectual disability, acquired loss of expressive language and often significant behavioral issues that lead to presentation in psychiatry. This paper is a review of current knowledge in Laudau-Kleffner Syndrome.
  
  
• Vries PJD, Whittemore VH, Leclezio L, et al. Tuberous Sclerosis Associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders (TAND) and the TAND Checklist. Pediatric Neurology. 2015;52(1):25-35. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.10.004.
  Tuberous Sclerosis is associated with intellectual disability and a high rate of psychiatric co-occurring disorders.  This paper discusses these common psychiatric disorders and a method for evaluation. 

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Behavioral Therapy

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

• Wang X, Zhao J, Huang S, et al. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review.Pediatrics. 2021;147(5).
  This article attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of CBT on the symptoms of ASD and social-emotional problems in children or adolescents with ASD by using a meta analytic approach. The study finds statistically significant improvement in social emotional problems on informant-based report but not on self-report, which may reflect difficulty that individuals with ASD may have in identifying emotional states. Need for better quality studies in this area was highlighted.
  
  
• Wood JJ, Kendall PC, Wood KS, et al. Cognitive Behavioral Treatments for Anxiety in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77(5):474-483. 
  This was a multicenter RCT compared relative efficacy of 2 CBT programs (Coping Cat) and CBT modified for ASD vs. TAU. In this study, adapted CBT approach (which included perspective taking training and behavior analytics) was more efficacious for children with ASD and interfering anxiety as compared to CBT and TAU. 
  
  
• Vasa RA, Carroll LM, Nozzolillo AA, et al. A systematic review of treatments for anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2014;44(12):3215-3229.
  This article reviews both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment methods for anxiety in ASDs. This article delineates the types of anxiety diagnoses targeted  and whether certain types of symptoms of anxiety were more responsive to particular therapies.

Social Skills Training

• Gates JA, Kang E, Lerner MD. Efficacy of group social skills interventions for youth with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review. 2017;52:164-181. 
  This article reviews various randomized-controlled trials regarding the efficacy of group-based social skills interventions in youth with ASDs. The interventions are examined across settings, including home and school, using multiple methods of measurement ranging from teacher, parent, and self-report to task-based measures.
  
  
• Tseng A, Biagianti B, Francis SM, Conelea CA, Jacob S. Social Cognitive Interventions for Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2020;274:199-204. 
  In this review, authors looked at commonly used social cognition improvement programs including PEERS, MASSI and others. The review highlighted the paucity of research in these interventions in the critical adolescent age of these individuals. In this paper, the authors include very informative yet succinct description of these interventions. 
  
  
• Chang Y-C, Locke J. A systematic review of peer-mediated interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2016;27:1-10. 
  This article reviews recent studies of peer-meditated interventions targeted at increasing the social skills of youth with ASDs. The study highlights the efficacy of these methods as well as the need for further study of this intervention type.

Applied Behavioral Analysis

• Leaf JB, Cihon JH, Ferguson JL, Milne CM, Leaf R, McEachin J. Advances in Our Understanding of Behavioral Intervention: 1980 to 2020 for Individuals Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2021;51(12):4395-4410.
  Interventions based on applied behavior analysis are considered evidence-based practice for autism spectrum disorders. The authors review the three branches of science of behavior analysis [i.e., experimental analysis of behavior, behavior analysis, and applied behavior analysis (ABA)]. Additionally, the authors provide recommendations for the science and clinical practice of behavioral interventions in the next 40 years.
  
  
• Ferguson J, Craig EA, Dounavi K. Telehealth as a Model for Providing Behaviour Analytic Interventions to Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2019;49(2):582-616.  
  An update on telehealth and delivery of behavioral interventions. 
  
  
• Will MN, Currans K, Smith J, et al. Evidenced-Based Interventions for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2018;48(10):234-249. 
  This paper reviews evidenced-based interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) across the disciplines of psychology, speech-language pathology, occupational therapy, and developmental pediatrics.

Other Therapies

• Hartley M, Dorstyn D, Due C. Mindfulness for Children and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Caregivers: A Meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2019;49(10):4306-4319.
  The authors perform a systematic search involving 10 studies involving 233 children and adults with 241 caregivers and found significant gains in subjective wellbeing immediately post interventions and up to 3 months.
  
  
• Aman MG, McDougle CJ, Scahill L, et al. Medication and parent training in children with pervasive developmental disorders and serious behavior problems: results from a randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2009;48(12):1143-1154. 
  Parent training interventions focus on behavioral strategies to manage disruptive behaviors in children with ASD. This study found that Parent Training (The Research Units in Behavioral Interventions Autism Network Parent Training) + Risperidone was superior to Risperidone alone in improving severe behavior problems. 
  
  
• Hendren RL. Autism: biomedical complementary treatment approaches. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2013;22(3):443-456, vi. 
  This article provides a good overview of complementary and alternative (CAM) treatments used in ASD. The author proposes a model of care to be used with families who are using CA treatment. 

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Genetics

ASD

• Kreiman BL, Boles RG. State of the Art of Genetic Testing for Patients With Autism: A Practical Guide for Clinicians. Seminars in pediatric neurology. 2020;34:100804.
  A clinician’s guide on whom to test, what tests to order, and how testing might alter management and improve outcomes.
  
  
• Moreno-De-Luca D, Martin CL. All for one and one for all: heterogeneity of genetic etiologies in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2021 Jun;68:71-78. doi: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.02.015. Epub 2021 Mar 25. PMID: 33773394; PMCID: PMC
  A framework for understanding genetic and clinic heterogeneity in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders.
  
  
• Muhle RA, Reed HE, Stratigos KA, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. The Emerging Clinical Neuroscience of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018 May 1;75(5):514-523. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4685. PMID: 29590280.
  A concise guide for clinicians of the current knowledge of genetics and neuroscience in autism spectrum disorder. 

Intellectual Developmental Disorder

• Glasson EJ, Buckley N, Chen W, Leonard H, Epstein A, Skoss R, Jacoby P, Blackmore AM, Bourke J, Downs J. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Mental Health in Children With Neurogenetic Disorders Associated With Intellectual Disability. J Am Acad Child Ad
  This is a systematic review examining the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and symptoms in children and adolescents with Intellectual disability and comparing phenotypic features. 
  
  
• Royston R, Oliver C, Howlin P, Dosse A, Armitage P, Moss J, Waite J. The Profiles and Correlates of Psychopathology in Adolescents and Adults with Williams, Fragile X and Prader-Willi Syndromes. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020 Mar;50(3):893-903. doi: 10.1007/s1
  Psychopathology is prevalent in all three of these genetic syndromes and this article discusses potential correlates and risk markers between syndromes.
  

Down Syndrome

• Grieco J, Pulsifer M, Seligsohn K, Skotko B, Schwartz A. Down syndrome: Cognitive and behavioral functioning across the lifespan. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2015 Jun;169(2):135-49. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31439. Epub 2015 May 18. PMID: 25989505.
  This review updates what is known about the cognitive and behavioral phenotypes associated with Down syndrome across the lifespan. 
  
  
• Schworer EK, Ahmed A, Hogenkamp L, Moore S, Esbensen AJ. Associations among co-occurring medical conditions and cognition, language, and behavior in Down syndrome. Res Dev Disabil. 2022 Jul;126:104236. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104236. Epub 2022 Apr 22. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.c.31439 PMID: 35468571.
  This article examines the interrelation between co-occurring medical conditions, particularly gastrointestinal issues, and child outcomes for individuals with Down syndrome. 

22q

• Tang KL, Antshel KM, Fremont WP, Kates WR. Behavioral and Psychiatric Phenotypes in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2015 Oct;36(8):639-50. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000210. PMID: 26372046; PMCID: PMC4586411.
  A review of prevalence, phenotypic features, and management of psychiatric disorders in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
  
  

Williams Syndrome

• Dodd HF, Porter MA. Psychopathology in Williams syndrome: The effect of individual differences across the life span. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 2009;2(2):89–109.
  Review of a parent survey indicating the rates of psychiatric co-morbid conditions. 

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