Resources for Clinicians

Last updated November 2022

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Delirium

AACAP's Facts for Families provides concise up-to-date information on issues that affect children, teenagers, and their families.

• Delirium in Children and Adolescents

• AACAP Delirium in Children and Adolescents Brochure
• When Your Child has Pediatric Delirium (Vanderbilt University Medical Center)
  English | Spanish

• Canter MO, Tanguturi YC, Wilson E, et al. Prospective Validation of the Preschool Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (psCAM-ICU) to Screen for Delirium in Infants Less than 6 Months of Age. Critical Care Medicine, 2021.
• Smith HA, Boyd J, Fuchs DC, et al. Diagnosing delirium in critically ill children: Validity and reliability of the pediatric confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2011; 39:150–157
• Traube C, Silver G, Kearney J, et al: Cornell assessment of pediatric delirium: A valid, rapid, observational tool for screening delirium in the PICU*. Crit Care Med 2014; 42:656–663

• Network for Investigation of Delirium: Unifying Scientists (NIDUS) Pediatric Delirium Measurement Info Cards
• Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium Online Calculator
• Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction and Survivorship (CIBS) Center
  • Includes screening and assessment tools
  • Includes videos of infant with/ without delirium
    
    
• Clinical Pathway
  • Silver GH, Kearney JA, Bora S, et al. A Clinical Pathway to Standardize Care of Children with Delirium in Pediatric Inpatient Settings. Hosp Pediatr 2019; 9(11): 909-916
  • Smith HAB, Besunder JB, Betters KA, et al. 2022 Society of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines on Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation, Neuromuscular Blockade, and Delirium in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients With Consideration of the ICU Environment and Early Mobility. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2022 Feb 1;23(2):e74-e110
    
    
• General Delirium Evaluation and Management
  • Malas N, Brahmbhatt K, McDermott C, et al. Pediatric Delirium: Evaluation, Management, and Special Considerations. Current Psychiatry Reports 2017; 19(65) 
  • Silver GH, Kearney JA, Bora S, et al. A Clinical Pathway to Standardize Care of Children with Delirium in Pediatric Inpatient Settings. Hosp Pediatrics 2019; 9(11): 909-916
  • Traube C, Silver G, Gerber LM, et al. Delirium and Mortality in Critically Ill Children: Epidemiology and Outcomes of Pediatric Delirium. Crit Care Med 2017; 45(5): 891-898
  • Capino AC, Thomas AN, Baylor S, et al. Antipsychotic Use in the Prevention and Treatment of Intensive Care Unit Delirium in Pediatric Patients. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2020: 25(2): 81-95
    
     
• Specific Delirium Evaluation, Management, and Risk Considerations
  • Smith HAB, Gangopadhyay M, Goben CM, et al. "Delirium and Benzodiazepines Associated Prolonged ICU Stay in Critically Ill Infants and Children." Crit Care Med 2017; 45(9): 1427-1435
  • Silver G, Traube C, Gerber LM, et al. Pediatric delirium and associated risk factors: a single-center prospective observational study. Pediatric Crit Care Med 2015; 16(4): 303-309 
  • Mason KP, Seth N. The pearls of pediatric sedation: polish the old and embrace the new. Minerva Anestesiol 2019; 85(10): 1105-1117
  • Patel RV, Redivo J, Nelliot A, et al. Early Mobilization in a PICU: A Qualitative Sustainability Analysis of PICU Up!. Pediatric Crit Care Med 2021; 22(4): e233-e242
  • Joyce C, Witcher R, Herrup E, et al. Evaluation of the Safety of Quetiapine in Treating Delirium in Critically Ill Children: A Retrospective Review. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2015; 25(9): 666-670
    
     

Early Mobility Program at Johns Hopkins

Pediatric Delirium: Impact and Opportunities

 

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Somatic Symptom and Functional Disorders

• Physical Symptoms of Emotional Distress: Somatic Symptoms and Related Disorders

• Ibeziako P, Brahmbhatt K, Chapman A, et al. Developing a Clinical Pathway for Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders in Pediatric Hospital Settings. Hosp Pediatr. 2019 Mar;9(3):147-155.  doi: 10.1542/hpeds.2018-0205. Epub 2019 Feb 19
• Connecticut Children's Hospital 

• Walker LS, Beck JE, Garber J, Lambert W. Children's somatization inventory: psychometric properties of the revised form (CSI-24). J Pediatr Psychol. 2009;34(4):430–440
• Rask CU, Christensen MF, Borg C, et al. The Soma Assessment Interview: new parent interview on functional somatic symptoms in children. J Psychosom Res. 2009;66:455–464 Gierk B, Kohlmann S, Kroenke K, et al. The somatic symptom scale-8 (SSS-8): a brief measure of somatic symptom burden. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(3):399–407
• Wright KD, Asmundson GJ. Health anxiety in children: development and psychometric properties of the Childhood Illness Attitude Scales. Cogn Behav Ther. 2003;32(4):194–202
• Silverman WK, Fleisig W, Rabian B, Peterson RA (1991). Childhood anxiety sensitivity index. J Clinical Child Psychol. 20(2):162–168
• Flett GL, Hewitt PL, Boucher DJ, Davidson LA, Munro Y. (2000). The Child–Adolescent Perfectionism Scale: Development, validation, and association with adjustment.             
• Hewitt PL, Blasberg JS, Flett GL, et al. Perfectionistic self-presentation in children and adolescents: development and validation of the Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale– Junior Form. Psychol Assess. 2011;23(1): 125–142
• Epstein NB, Baldwin L, Bishop DS. The McMaster Family Assessment Device. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. 1983;9:171–180
• Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ- 15: validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosom Med. 2002;64(2):258–266

• Kullgre KA, Klein EJ, Sturza J, et al. Standardizing Pediatric Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders Care: Clinical Pathway Reduces Health Care Cost and Use. Hosp Pediatr. 2020 Oct;10(10):867-876. doi: 10.1542/hpeds.2020-0004.
• Morabito G, Barbi E, Cozzi G. The Unaware Physician's Role in Perpetuating Somatic Symptom Disorder. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(1):9-10. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.4381

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• Somatization and the Mind-Body Connection (British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Canada - Kelty Mental Health Resource Center)
• Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder (Mayo Clinic)
• Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures (PNES) (Epilepsy Foundation)
• Somatization Learning Hub - About Kids Health

• FND Hope (Functional Neurological Disorder)
• Psychogenic Non Epileptic Seizures (Northeast Epilepsy Group)

These apps can be helpful tools for people with Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders. They should be used alongside comprehensive assessment and treatment from a trained mental health professional.

MindShift® CBT
MindShift® CBT uses scientifically proven strategies based on Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) to help you learn to relax and be mindful, develop more effective ways of thinking, and use active steps to take charge of your anxiety.

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Medical Traumatic Stress and Resilience

• Chronic Illness and Children
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

• Practice Parameter for the Psychiatric Assessment and Management of Physically Ill Children and Adolescents  
• Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• HHS Best Practice Guidelines for Pain Management

• UCLA Child/Adolescent PTSD Reaction Index for DSM-5
• Acute Stress Checklist for Children (ASC-Kids) 
• Child Trauma Screening Questionnaire (CTSQ)  

• Pediatric Medical Traumatic Stress Toolkit for Health Care Providers from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network
• Online Education for Provides on Pediatric Medical Traumatic Stress 
• Clinician Fact Sheet from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies
• Training and resource center for clinicians with interest in pediatric hypnosis - National Pediatric Hypnosis Training Institute

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